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PURPOSE: The brainstem plays an important role in the control of micturition, and brainstem strokes are known to present with micturition dysfunction. Micturition dysfunction in cases of lateral medullary infarction (LMI) is uncommon, but often manifests as urinary retention. In this study, we investigated the neuro-anatomical correlates of urinary retention in patients with LMI. METHODS: This was a hospital-based retrospective study conducted in the neurology unit of a quaternary-level teaching hospital. Inpatient records from January 2008 to May 2018 were searched using a computerized database. Cases of isolated LMI were identified and those with micturition dysfunction were reviewed. MRI brain images of all patients were viewed, and individual lesions were mapped onto the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) space manually using MRIcron. Nonparametric mapping toolbox software was used for voxel-based lesion-symptom analysis. The Liebermeister test was used for statistical analysis, and the resultant statistical map was displayed on the MNI template using MRIcron. RESULTS: During the study period, 31 patients with isolated LMI were identified. Their mean age was 48 years and 28 (90%) were male. Six of these patients (19%) developed micturition dysfunction. All 6 patients had urinary retention and 1 patient each had urge incontinence and overflow incontinence. In patients with LMI, the lateral tegmentum of the medulla showed a significant association with urinary retention. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with isolated LMI, we postulate that disruption of the descending pathway from the pontine micturition centre to the sacral spinal cord at the level of the lateral tegmentum results in urinary retention.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Brain , Brain Stem , Hospitals, Teaching , Infarction , Inpatients , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Neurology , Retrospective Studies , Spinal Cord , Stroke , Urinary Incontinence, Urge , Urinary Retention , UrinationABSTRACT
Background: Present research aimed to determine molecular genotype of kappa-casein gene in female Red Sindhi cattle. This gene has great influence on the technologically advanced milk properties. Methods: Blood specimens (n=50) from females of this cattle breed at a well-managed farm in Sindh-Pakistan were collected and commercial kit was employed for DNA extraction. Genotype determination of κ-casein gene and alleles was done through PCR-RFLP technique by using primer; PCR products were digested upon HINFI restriction enzyme. The digested fragments were analyzed by electrophoresis on agarose gel using ethidium bromide to increase visibility. The bands were examined under ultra violet-light to study polymorphic locus on DNA fragments. Results: Digestion upon HINFI restriction enzyme of 350bp fragment indicated three patterns. The 1st (homozygote genotype BB), 2nd (homozygote genotype AA) and 3rd (heterozygote genotype AB) patterns yielded major fragment(s) of 1) 266bp, 2) 134bp and 132bp and 3) 134bp, 132bp and 266bp, respectively. Each of the three patterns yielded one minor fragment of 84bp. The genotype frequency for homozygote AA and the allelic frequency of allele A were higher than the same for homozygote genotype BB and the allelic frequency of allele B, respectively. Conclusions: An accurate profile of genetic make-up and alternate forms of κ-casein genes in Sindhi cattle is likely to help researchers, policy makers, immunologists, dietitians, neonatologists, community physicians and managerial as well as production level officials to exploit it to full potential.
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Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and are considered as the key precursors for the formation of hormones and low molecular weight nitrogenous substances with biological importance. Since the analysis of amino acids has been carried out for both qualitative and quantitative purposes with an aim to study their levels in the plasma concentration, the quantitative determination, in particular, also helps in the diagnosis of different diseases associated with their deficiency. This review article deals with the determination of amino acids by chromatographic methods which include ion-exchange chromatography [IEC], high performance liquid chromatography [HPLC], reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography [RP-HPLC] and ultra-performance liquid chromatography [UPLC]. The review will also give an idea for the preparation of samples, derivatization methods for the analysis of amino acids [direct and indirect methods] and separation of amino acids by high performance liquid chromatographic technique
ABSTRACT
Meloxicam [MX] belongs to the family of oxicams which is the most important group of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs] and is widely used for their analgesics and antipyretic activities. It inhibits both COX-I and COX-II enzymes with less gastric and local tissues irritation. A number of analytical techniques have been used for the determination of MX in pharmaceutical as well as in biological fluids. These techniques include titrimetry, spectrometry, chromatography, flow injection spectrometry, fluorescence spectrometry, capillary zone electrophoresis and electrochemical techniques. Many of these techniques have also been used for the simultaneous determination of MX with other compounds. A comprehensive review of these analytical techniques has been done which could be useful for the analytical chemists and quality control pharmacists
ABSTRACT
Objective: valuating the vitamin B[1] [thiamine] on glucose homeostasis and Glycosylated hemoglobin A1 [HbA1c] in Alloxan induced diabetic rat model
Study Design: Experimental study
Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at the Animal House, Isra University Hyderabad from September 2014 to March 2015
Materials and Methods: 60 adult albino rats were divided into four groups; Group 1. Controls, Group 2. Rats receiving thiamine added diet, Group 3. Diabetics rats on normal diet and Group 4. Diabetic rats receiving thiamine added diet. Alloxan [120 mg/kg] was introduced intraperitoneally to induce diabetes. Vitamin B1 was given orally at 1.6 g/kg body weight for 12 weeks. Venous blood was taken from tail vein by small bore cannula at the baseline and after 12[th] week. Blood glucose and HbA1c were detected at baseline and after 12[th] week. Data was saved in proforma and analyzed on SPSS 22.0 using paired student t-test at 95% confidence interval
Results: Blood glucose and HbA1c levels were found statistically significant in groups 1 vs. 3 [p=0.0001], 1 vs. 4 [p=0.0001], 2 vs. 3 [p=0.0001], 2 vs. 4, [p=0.001] and 3 vs. 4 [p=0.024] at the end of experiment period. Significant improvement in blood glucose and HbA1c was noted in the vitamin thiamine treated rats
Conclusion: Vitamin thiamine improved the blood glucose homeostasis and reduced Glycosylated Hemoglobin A1 effectively in experimental rats. It is recommended to supplement diabetic subjects with vitamin thiamine
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Objective: The present study evaluated the effects of silymarin on blood glucose, blood lipids and liver amino-transferase [AST and ALT] in Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [NAFLD]
Study Design: Randomized Placebo Controlled [double blind] Trial
Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out at Consultant Clinic Cant area Hyderabad andDepartment of Medicine, Isra University Hospital Hyderabad from April 2012 to August2013
Materials and Methods: A sample of 64 subjects [33 cases and 31 controls] was selected for evaluating effects of silymarin. Subject selection observed the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Subjects with aspartate transaminase [AST] and alanine transaminase [ALT]>1.2 of normal were included. NAFLD diagnosis was confirmed by ultra-sonography. NAFLD cases were given silymarin[140 mg x2 tablets] daily for duration of 3 months. Controls received placebo. AST and ALT were checked after three months. Data variables were analyzed by SPSS version 21.0
Results: Mean +/- SD of aspartate transaminase [AST] and alanine transaminase [ALT] before intervention were found as 73.2 +/- 9.7 vs. 69.3 +/- 17.6 IUL[-1][p<0.021] and 92.1 +/- 19.4 vs.83 +/- 15.6 IUL[-1]in cases and controls [p < 0.0001] respectively. After three months the AST and ALT were found reduced compared to baseline. AST and ALT were found as 39.3 +/- 7.5 IUL[-1]and ALT to 39.3 +/- 10.9 IUL[-1]35.9 +/- 11.7 IUL[-1]and 83 +/- 15.6 IUL[-1]in cases and controls respectively. Blood lipids and blood glucose also showed statistically significant differences [p=0.0001]
Conclusion: Silymarin improves blood glucose, blood lipids and liver amino transferase in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
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To determine the use of information technology [IT] and electronic media for improving compliance rate to doctors' advice in hypertensive patients in Karachi. Total 400 persons [200 males and 200 females] were randomly selected in six districts of Karachi. Data was collected through a pretested questionnaire. Following was sample criteria: age above 15 years, living in Karachi and ambulatory. Persons admitted in a hospital, individuals who were doing some physical activity during survey e.g. exercise, labor work etc., individual in stressed condition, non-cooperative individuals - not willing to get BP checked and fill questionnaire, and pregnant women were excluded. Those who did not sign the consent form were also excluded. SPSS was used for data analysis and descriptive statistics was employed for sensitivity analysis. For healthcare awareness, people look for health programs on radio and TV channels. Short Message Service [SMS] and phone are highly appreciated by patients for reminders. To increase compliance to doctors' advice, less educated people prefer phone calls over SMS whereas educated individuals favor SMS. Although price of medicine has not emerged as a major contributing factor for non-compliance, discount on medicinal products is highly appreciated by the patients. The study concludes that there is a widespread awareness of high blood pressure in the sample population of Karachi e.g. 72.5%. People consider reminder message system i.e. Calls and Short Messaging Service [SMS] would help them in improving compliance to doctors' advice
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To investigate the blood lipids, serum cholesterol and glycaemic control as risk factor for Diabetic retinopathy [DR]. Cross sectional study. This study was conducted at Muhammad Medical College Hospital Mirpurkhas and Consultant Clinics Hyderabad from March 2014 to January 2015. 100 cases of DR were selected for present study. Fundoscopy was performed by the physician followed by a Consultant ophthalmologist. Blood was collected from peripheral vein after a fasting state of 8 - 12 hours. Glycated hemoglobin Al [A 1C] and lipids were evaluated by standard assays. Volunteers were requested to sign to informed consent profroma. Research topic was approved by ethics committee of institute. Statistix 8.1 for data analysis and P-value
Subject(s)
Humans , Middle Aged , Adult , Female , Male , Cross-Sectional Studies , Hyperlipidemias , Hypercholesterolemia , Risk Factors , Glycated HemoglobinABSTRACT
To study the mean platelet volume [MPV] in diabetic retinopathy [DR] with special reference to duration of diabetes and glycaemic control [HbAlc] in type 2 diabetics [DM]. Case control study. This study was carried out at the Department of Medicine, Liaquat University HospitalJamshoro, from March 2014 to December 2014. 100 subjects; comprising of 50 controls and 50 cases of DR were selected as per criteria and evaluated for study variables. Blood sample were collected in anticoagulant sterilized bottles for analysis of hematoanalyzer. Volunteers were requested to sign the informed consent proforma. Statistix 8.1 was used for data analysis. Pearson's correlation r], student t test and Chi square were used for data analysis. p
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Female , Male , Middle Aged , Diabetic Retinopathy , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Glycated Hemoglobin , Case-Control StudiesABSTRACT
Currently, natural products have been used in treating gouty arthritis and are recognized as xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Current study was designed to evaluate in vitro xanthine oxidase inhibitory potential of Gouticin and its ingredients extracts and in vivo hypouricemic activity of gouticin tablet 500 mg twice daily. Ethanol extracts of Gouticin and its ingredients were evaluated in vitro, at 200, 100, 50, 25 microg/ml concentrations for xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity. IC[50] values of Gouticin and its ingredients were estimated. Further, in vivo therapeutic effect of Gouticin was investigated in comparison with allopathic medicine [Allopurinol] to treat gout. Total patients were 200 that were divided into test and control group. Herbal coded medicine [Gouticin] was given to test group and allopathic medicine allopurinol was administered to control group. In vitro, Gouticin has the highest percent inhibition at 96% followed by Allopurinol with 93% inhibition. In vivo study, mean serum uric acid level of patients was 4.62 mg/dl and 5.21mg/dl by use of Gouticin and Allopurinol at end of therapy. The study showed that herbal coded formulation gouticin and its ingredients are potential sources of natural xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Gouticin 500 mg twice daily is more effective than the allopurinol 300mg once daily in the management of gout.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Xanthine Oxidase/antagonists & inhibitors , In Vitro Techniques , Arthritis, Gouty , Allopurinol , Plants, Medicinal , Plant Extracts , Uric AcidABSTRACT
A hydrocele is a fluid - filled sac surrounding a testis that results in the swelling of scrotum. They can develop due to inflammation or injury within the scrotum. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and adaptation of different surgical procedures in the repair of hydrocele.Comparative, Retrospective study .The study was conducted at Fauji Foundation Hospital Karachi, Al-Tibri Medical College, Karachi and Civil Hospital Karachi from January, 2000 to December, 2013. Patients with primary vaginal hydrocele registered during the period of thirteen years in the out patient department of surgery were selected. A total of 300 patients were assessed clinically, diagnostically and radiologically about the status of hydrocele before the surgical procedures and anesthetic opinion. The different surgical technique were carried out in different group of patients asJaboulay's technique in 70 patients, Lord's procedure in 70 patients, Aspiration and Sclerotherapy in 05 patients, Window operation technique in 05 patients and the Hydrocelectomy by supra pubic procedure were carried out in 150 patients out of total 300 registered patients. The data collected and analyzed statistically in SPSS version 19.00. The different procedures have been adopted surgically in patients with primary vaginal hydrocele. The results showed that among the different operative techniques adopted, the best procedure regarding hydrocelectomy is the supra pubic approach line of treatment. It showed better result and recovery with very minimum complications and side effects as compared to other surgical procedure. The data thus concluded that hydrocelectomy done via supra pubic approach in number of patients proved to be the best procedure because of having very little complications
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Testicular Hydrocele/diagnosis , Retrospective Studies , Surgical Procedures, Operative/methods , Testicular Hydrocele/complicationsABSTRACT
To study the pattern of hollow abdominal visceral injuries during minimally invasive gynecological procedures. Retrospective, Descriptive Study. This study was conducted at Fauji Foundation Hospital Karachi, Gulshan General Hospital Karachi, Star General Hospital Karachi and Al-Tibri Medical College Hospital from July 1997 to December 2013. All patients admitted to above mentioned hospitals for minimally invasive gynecological procedures electively or in emergency were included in the study. Total 3050 minimally invasive gynecological procedures were carried out in the above mentioned hospitals and 77 [2.5 %] patients had complications following the procedures. Mean age was 28 years ranged from 20-55 years. 40 % patients had history of previous gynaecological surgery.Abdominal visceral injuries included small bowel perforation 30 [38.96 %] patients, sigmoid colon perforation 20 [25.97%] patients. Both small bowel and sigmoid colonic perforation 08 [10.38%] patients, Caecal perforation 01 [1.29 %] patient and Urinary Bladder 01 [1.29%] patient. 52 % cases were diagnosed within two days of primary surgery and rest within 10 days. All gynecologists must be skilled, vigilant and careful while doing minimally invasive gynecological procedures that visceral injury should not happen or ready to deal if it happens accidentally
ABSTRACT
Traditional medicines are practiced worldwide for treatment of gouty arthritis since ancient times. Herbs and plants always have been used in the treatment of different diseases such as gout. The present article deals with the therapeutic strategies and options for the cure of gouty arthritis. Bibliographic investigation was carried out by analyzing classical textbooks and peer reviewed papers, consulting worldwide accepted scientific databases
In this article a detailed introduction, classification, epidemiology, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of gout with reference to modem and Unani system of medicines have been discussed
It is also tried to provide a list of plants used in the treatment of gout along with their formulations used in Unani system of medicine
The herbs and formulations have been used in different systems of medicine particularly Unani system of medicines exhibit their powerful role in the management and cure of gout and arthritis. Most of herbs and plants have been chemically evaluated and some of them are in clinical trials
Their results are magnificent and considerable. However their mechanisms of actions are still on the way
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Ganglioneuroma is a rare, benign, slow-growing asymptomatic tumor of the neural crest cells. It occurs in one per million population with female predominance. It most commonly occurs in the retro=peritoneum. Although CT scan and other imaging modalities can be used, its diagnosis is essentially based on histopathology. We report a case of 18 year old male who presented with abdominal pain and a mass in the left lumbar quadrant. CT scan abdomen showed a retroperitoneal mass encasing aorta, IVC and left common iliac artery. A diagnosis of Ganglioneuroma was established on ultrasound guided Trucut biopsy. He underwent laparotomy for total excision of mass. Per-operatively the mass was separated from the vital structures and the major blood vessels. His post-operative course was uneventful and he was discharged on 7th post-operative day. His final histopathology confirmed the initial diagnosis of ganglioneuroma. Nonetheless, a possibility of ganglioneuroma should be kept under consideration in cases of all retroperitoneal extra-adrenal masses
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Typhoid fever is widely recognized as a major public health problem in developing countries. A simple, reliable and rapid diagnostic test is needed for clinicians especially in areas where laboratory services are limited. To evaluate sensitivity and specificity of typhidot [IgM], a serological test to identify IgM antibodies against salmonella typhi. This was a prospective study. Northern Institute of Medical Sciences [NIMS] and Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad. 1[st] November 2009 to 31[st] August 2010. A total of 100 patients with clinically suspected typhoid fever were studied and divided into three main groups as A, B and C, with definite typhoid fever, typhoid suspects plus non-typhoidal illnesses and healthy controls respectively. Blood culture and typhidot [IgM] tests were conducted for all subjects included in the study. The validity of typhidot [IgM] test has been evaluated by determining the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values. In our study, majority [75%] were males and [25%] females with M to F ratio of 3:1. The mean age of study group was 26.31 +/- 11.8 [SD] years. Among 100 clinically diagnosed typhoid fever patients, 19 had positive blood culture for S.typhi and 71 were typhidot [IgM] positive. Out of 19 culture positive patients, 18 [94.73%] were true typhidot [IgM] positive, which was also falsely positive in 05 [20.83%] among 24 non- typhoidal febrile controls. None of the healthy controls was positive for typhoid [IgM] test. The sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values of typhidot [IgM] test using blood culture as gold standard were 94.73%, 90%, 97.72% and 78.26% respectively for patients having typhoid fever. Typhidot [IgM] test is a simple, reliable, rapid and valid diagnostic tool for typhoid fever especially in areas where laboratory services are limited
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Male , Salmonella typhi , Sensitivity and Specificity , Culture Media , Serologic Tests , Prospective StudiesABSTRACT
The photodegradation of cyanocobalamin at pH 4.0 in the presence of ascorbic acid has been studied. Hydroxocobalamin has been identified as a major degradation product of the reaction. Cyanocobalamin and hydroxocoblamin in degraded solutions have been assayed at 550 and 525nm by a two-component spectrophotometirc method in which ascorbic acid does not interfere. The apparent first-order rate constants for the photodegradation of cyanocoblaamin at pH 4.0 are in the range of 2.21-2.70 x 10-3 min-1. These values indicate that the photodegradation of cyanocobalamin is enhanced in the presence of ascorbic acid by mutual interaction and needs protective measures to control the degradation of the vitamin
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Herbal medicine is gaining great importance in the treatment of various diseases. Herbal extracts are being vastly used in advanced countries to cure health related problems and have shown beneficial effects over modern medicines. In many cases, herbal drug have proved to be safe and effective with no or minimum side effects. Herbal plants like Aloe Vera have been in use since the earliest days of recorded history, for various ailments including the healing of wound, and as an anti-inflammatory, anti-pruritic, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial and antiviral agent, as well as an astringent, emollient, pain reliever, an excellent moisturizing agent, and immune modulator. It also helps in RBCs production and development. It is very popular in European countries and United State particularly as a component of cosmetic preparations for the treatment of multiple skin infections, boils and for certain other purposes like moisturizing, enhancing skin appearance marking it smooth and to protect and heal the skin. This plant contains several vitamins and minerals, which play an important role to regulate many biological functions. In this article the importance of herbal medicines particularly Aloe Vera and its applications in various ailments and cosmetics have been presented
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Ascorbic acid [Vitamin C] is an important micronutrient that plays as a redox cofactor and catalyst in biological system. It is particularly useful in the cure and prevention of scurvy. It was originally isolated from lemon, cabbage and peprica. Ascorbic acid is essential for collagen formation and metabolism of phenyl alanine, tyrosine and hydroxyphenyl alanine [dopa]. The minimum daily requirement of vitamin C in adult is 40-60 mg. In this review chemical structure, physicochemical characteristics, chemical stability, biochemical functions and antioxidant activity of ascorbic acid have been mentioned
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Peptic ulcer is one of the most common diseases in the third world countries. This review illustrates the understanding of the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer. The theories and concepts regarding the onset of peptic ulcer have changed by the discovery of Helicobacter pylori. The discovery of H pylori, which proved that it plays a major role in causing ulcer. It has also been reported that H pylori has a tendency to cause non-ulcer dyspepsia and gastric carcinoma. The unique features of H pylori play an important role in the diagnosis of this infection and the establishment of diagnostic procedures for its eradication. The ideal treatment for the peptic ulcer is to focus on the relief of the pain, healing of ulcer and delay in its reoccurrence. These treatments are targeted on the cytotoxic factors and also on the enhancement of the activity of cytoprotective factors
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Ascorbic acid [vitamin C] is a cofactor for a number of metabolic enzymes and is an undeniable essential vitamin C for humans. However, the prospects of ascorbic acid as an anticancer agent have been a topic of argument. A number of earlier reports have addressed both the positive aspects and restrictions of ascorbate in cancer therapy. In this review, we briefly sum up the potential antitumor effects of ascorbate have been described and its prospects for clinical use have been discussed. The biological role of ascorbic acid has been highlighted and its advantages in cancer therapy have been discussed